Journal: Brain stimulation

Article Title: Non-invasive modulation of brain activity and behavior by transcranial radio frequency stimulation

doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2026.103032

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Graphical presentation of the animals’ head after head-cap attachment, fiber (for fiber photometry) and optical temperature sensor implanted, and the RF stub antenna positioned in place for stimulation. B) Illustration showing the mouse brain slice with the virus injection site. Note that PV-cre mice were used. C) Temperature profile of an example recording session where 25 trials of 45s RF-ON followed by 81s RF-OFF periods were applied. D) Overlaid temperature profiles of the trails from C. Different colors show data from different trials. E) Average (mean ± sem) temperature profile of the trials in C. F) Fiber photometry (for the main excitation signal, 480 nm) response for all trials (total of 25 per session) in grey and average of all trials in black. G) Top: average fiber photometry response (mean ± sem) for all trials (total of 25) including the main excitation signal (480 nm; blue, same data as shown in F) and the isosbestic control signal (405 nm, red). Bottom: average fiber photometry response (mean ± sem) with isosbestic correction. H) Ca 2+ responses at different strengths of the RF stimulation (from different data than in G). Note: temperature profile for the case of ΔT = 3.47°C (as an example of stimulation strengths with >3°C induced temperature rises) is illustrated in I) Relationship between the amplitude of the fiber photometry response (calculated from average of all traces in a given session) and the RF-induced temperature-rise (with a linear fit curve) in n = 4 PV-cre mice (3 male, 1 female). Each dot corresponds to a recording session. Here a robust linear regression model was employed, revealing a negative relationship between x 1 and y (β = −0.267, Standard Error = 0.07, t(18) = −3.82, P = 1.25e-3, R = 0.71).

Article Snippet: After skin incision and skull cleaning a custom-made 3D printed plastic head-cap base (Clear04 resin, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) was glued to the skull using dental cement (C&B Metabond, Parkell Inc., Edgewood, NY, USA).

Techniques: Slice Preparation, Virus, Injection, Control

Journal: Brain stimulation

Article Title: Non-invasive modulation of brain activity and behavior by transcranial radio frequency stimulation

doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2026.103032

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Graphical presentation of the animals’ head after head-cap attachment, fiber (for fiber photometry) and optical temperature sensor implanted, and the front part of the RF stub antenna for stimulation. B) Illustration showing the mouse brain slice with the virus injection and implantation site. C) Temperature profile of an example recording sessions where trials of 20s RF-ON followed by 100s RF-OFF periods are applied. D) Average (mean ± sem) temperature profile over all the trials in C. E) Fiber photometry (for the main excitation signal, 480 nm) response for all trials (total of 15) in grey and average of all trials in black. F) Top: average fiber photometry response (mean ± sem) for all trials (total of 15 per session) including the main excitation signal (480 nm; blue, same data as shown in E) and the isosbestic control signal (405 nm, red). Bottom: average fiber photometry response (mean ± sem) with isosbestic correction. G) Dependency of the neural response to the strength of the RF stimulus and the resulting temperature rise (ΔT) and the highest temperature (T max ) in recordings from one mouse. H, I) Relationship between the amplitude of the fiber photometry response (calculated from average of all traces in a given session) and the RF-induced temperature-rise (ΔT) and the highest reached temperature (T max ) in n = 4 wild-type male mice. In H and I a robust linear regression model was employed, revealing a positive relationship between x 1 and y (in H: β = 5.49, Standard Error = 0.60, t(23) = 9.11, P = 4.32e-09, R = 0.88; in I: β = 4.64, Standard Error = 0.72, t(18) = 6.41, P = 4.94e-06, R = 0.84).

Article Snippet: After skin incision and skull cleaning a custom-made 3D printed plastic head-cap base (Clear04 resin, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) was glued to the skull using dental cement (C&B Metabond, Parkell Inc., Edgewood, NY, USA).

Techniques: Slice Preparation, Virus, Injection, Control